G. Woolworth Colton's railroad map of Illinois
Township map showing place names, counties, and the railroad system. At bottom of the map appear statements about the economic conditions of the state and its railroads.
united states↗
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The impact of the civil war on capital intensity and labor productivity in southern manufacturing
"The Civil War resulted in a substantial divergence in the regional structure of factor prices. In particular, wages fell in the South relative to the non-South, but interest rates and other measures of the costs of capital increased. Using archival data for manufacturing establishments, we show that capital-output and capital-labor ratios in southern manufacturing declined relative to non-southern manufacturing after the War, precisely in the direction implied by the regional shifts in factor prices. Labor productivity in Southern manufacturing also declined, but this decline is explained by the reduction in capital intensity"--National Bureau of Economic Research web site.
united states↗
Map showing the line of the New Orleans, Mobile & Chattanooga Railroad, and also the chief agricultural and mineral districts of the state of Alabama
Map of Alabama and vicinity showing drainage, cities and towns, and the railroad network. Indicates completed and proposed lines and names of lines. Includes township and county boundaries.
alabama↗
Map showing the line of the Savannah & Memphis Railroad and its connections
Map of the southern United States showing drainage, cities and towns, township and county boundaries, mining and agricultural regions in Alabama, and the railroad network.
alabama↗
Map of the Virginia, Kentucky, and Ohio Railroad connecting the railroads of Virginia with the railroads of Kentucky on the shortest route east and west from the Mississippi Valley to the Atlantic Ocean
Map of the middle Atlantic states showing relief by hachures, drainage, cities and towns, counties, and the railroad network.
united states↗
Surviving Andersonville the benefits of social networks in POW camps
"Twenty-seven percent of the Union Army prisoners captured July 1863 or later died in captivity. At Andersonville the death rate may have been as high as 40 percent. How did men survive such horrific conditions? Using two independent data sets we find that friends had a statistically significant positive effect on survival probabilities and that the closer the ties between friends as measured by such identifiers as ethnicity, kinship, and the same hometown the bigger the impact of friends on survival probabilities"--National Bureau of Economic Research web site.
prisoners and prisons↗
Race and older age mortality evidence from Union Army veterans
"This paper uses the records of the Union Army to compare the older age mortality experience of the first black and white cohorts who reached middle and late ages in the twentieth century. Blacks faced a greater risk of death from all causes, especially in large cities, from infectious and parasitic diseases, from genito-urinary disease, and from heart disease, particularly valvular heart disease. Blacks' greater risk of death was the result both of the worse conditions in which they lived at the time of their deaths and of their lifelong poorer nutritional status and higher incidence of infectious disease. Compared to the 1821-40 black cohort, the 1841-50 black cohort was both under greater stress at a young age and had higher older age mortality rates"--National Bureau of Economic Research web site.
african american men↗
Image 4 of The Eureka mirror (Eureka, Mont.), December 1, 1932
Î The Eureka Mirror An NWSp0er E B SISSON Editor and Publisher Published Every Thursday at Eureka Mont Envied tr th FwvAtt x Ezrck M Wirft 22 Ijé 32 aci Crres i Act Subscriptions 1 year 200 6 months SI00 United We StandDivided We Fail Cooperation So Far as the farmer is concerned cooper ation is simply another name for economic pres ervation For more years than one cares to count the average farmer was virtually at the mercy of the buyer He took whatever price was offered him for his produce or lost a sale Then came the beginning of the cooperative movement Thousands of farmers joined to gethur and created selling organisations as large and as powerful as the buying organizations The middleman was no longer talking to a single farmerhe was talking to the authorized representative of a multitude They met on equal terms All over the country cooperative organiza tions have been making good progress in time of depression More and more farmers have discovered that cooperation is the eventual solution for suicidal prices and chaotic agricul turai conditions As a result the cooperatives are on a firmer foundation today than ever before and their chances
lincoln↗