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3 recordsLinked to original sources
Library of Congress1918

[Middle East]

"This map of western Asia produced by the American Geographical Society (AGS) of New York dates from the period immediately after World War I. A similar map in the collection of the American Geographical Society Library at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee is thought to have been made by the AGS for the use of the American delegation to the peace negotiations in Versailles in 1918-19. The map shows Turkey, the Arabian Peninsula, Persia (present-day Iran), and Afghanistan. Iraq is still shown as part of Turkey (the Ottoman Empire). The League of Nations mandates for Syria, Iraq, and Palestine, adopted at the peace conference, are not yet shown. Qatar is indicated as El Katr; Doha and Wakrah are shown as Dohah and Wakra. India (i.e., British India) includes present-day Pakistan. The Soviet Union, with its constituent republics in Central Asia (Russian Turkistan), has not yet been formed. The map has three scales: miles, kilometers, and Russian versts." World Digital Library.

railroads↗
Library of Congress2022

Understanding civilian harm in Raqqa and its implications for future conflicts

The battle for Raqqa, Syria, seemed like a perfect storm of strategic and operational challenges. When the city was finally liberated from the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) in October 2017, 60 to 80 percent of it was estimated to be uninhabitable. In fact, the battle for Raqqa is a cautionary tale about civilian harm in 21st-century conflicts. The purpose of this report is to discuss how the U.S. military-which is the best-trained and most technologically advanced military in the world, is supported in Operation Inherent Resolve by an international coalition of more than 80 countries, and was partnered in Raqqa with a well-respected militia force on the ground-could cause significant civilian harm despite a deeply ingrained commitment to the law of war. In this report, RAND researchers study the causes of civilian harm in Raqqa and provide insights into how the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) can reduce civilian harm in future operations.

united states↗