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Library of Congress1920

Skhematicheskai︠a︡ karta Ussuriĭskoĭ, Mandzhurskoĭ i Koreĭskoĭ zheleznykh dorog

This map shows the major railroads located in the Russian Far East, Manchuria (China), and Korea in the early 20th century: the Ussuri Railroad, the Manchurian Railroad, and the Korean Railroad. The establishment of railroads was a major vehicle of imperial expansion and control in the Far East in this era, particularly for Russia and Japan. The map utilizes a variety of lines and colors to explain various phases of railroad construction: a double-black line for the completion of two tracks, a single black line for completion of one track, a red line for an established but only partially constructed railroad, and a dashed black line for a proposed (but still unbuilt) railroad. Several well-known Russian, Chinese, and Korean cities are shown on the map. These include Blagoveshchensk, Khabarovsk, and Vladivostok in Russia; Harbin, Mukden (present-day Shenyang), and Port Arthur (Lüshun) in China (Manchuria); and P'yongyang and Seoul in Korea. Black triangles signify the presence of Japanese troops in parts of northeastern China and Korea, reflecting the extensive military occupation by Japan following its victory in the Russo-Japanese War in 1904-5. In the 19th century, as the Qing Dynasty of imperial China weakened, both Russia and Japan sought to take advantage of China's waning power by expanding into areas of northeastern China and neighboring Korea. Russia forced China to cede territories north and east of the Amur and Ussuri Rivers in the Treaty of Aigun of 1858 and in the Convention of Peking of 1860 and increased its influence in Manchuria from its base of operations in Harbin. Japan moved aggressively into China and Korea after victories in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-95 and in the Russo-Japanese War. As Japan became ascendant in the region after 1905, it targeted Russian railroad interests and reengineered local rail networks to serve its own interests. This map was compiled from notes of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society for use in a book on the Maritime Region of Russia (Primorskiy Kray, near Vladivostok). The map shows a scale at the bottom that utilizes the verst, a tsarist-era unit of distance equal to 1.07 kilometers. World Digital Library.

republic of korea↗

Library of Congress1846

A new map for travelers through the United States of America showing the railroads, canals & stage roads with the distances,

"This 1846 map of the United States by John Calvin Smith is from Smith's The Illustrated Hand-book for Travelers through the United States. Smith published editions of this popular guide, each of which contained a foldout map of the United States, in 1846, 1847, 1849, 1851, and 1856. Framed in decorative borders, the map indicates drainage and state boundaries, shows cities and towns with distances along roads and railroads, and identifies the major Indian tribes living west of the Mississippi River. The inset maps on the right show the increasing density of transportation infrastructure of the northeastern United States, as well as reflect the growing national interest in the Pacific. The top inset map shows the rail and canal routes in upstate New York linking Albany and Buffalo, the railroads between the cities of New York, Boston, and Albany, and the course of the Hudson River from New York to Albany. These were the major components of a network that provided economical rail, road, and water transport from the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes. Two other maps show the railroad routes from New York to Philadelphia and from Philadelphia to Washington. The fourth map shows Oregon, northern California, Santa Fe, and other parts of the Far West." World Digital Library. A detailed general map of the eastern half of the United States, framed in decorative borders, with most of the details east of the Mississippi River. Indicates drainage, state boundaries and shows many cities and towns with distances along roads and railroads. Indian tribes are indicated west of the Mississippi River. [From published bibliography]

united states↗