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At least 1,549 records · Page 86Linked to original sources

Race and older age mortality evidence from Union Army veterans

"This paper uses the records of the Union Army to compare the older age mortality experience of the first black and white cohorts who reached middle and late ages in the twentieth century. Blacks faced a greater risk of death from all causes, especially in large cities, from infectious and parasitic diseases, from genito-urinary disease, and from heart disease, particularly valvular heart disease. Blacks' greater risk of death was the result both of the worse conditions in which they lived at the time of their deaths and of their lifelong poorer nutritional status and higher incidence of infectious disease. Compared to the 1821-40 black cohort, the 1841-50 black cohort was both under greater stress at a young age and had higher older age mortality rates"--National Bureau of Economic Research web site.

african american men↗

The impact of the civil war on capital intensity and labor productivity in southern manufacturing

"The Civil War resulted in a substantial divergence in the regional structure of factor prices. In particular, wages fell in the South relative to the non-South, but interest rates and other measures of the costs of capital increased. Using archival data for manufacturing establishments, we show that capital-output and capital-labor ratios in southern manufacturing declined relative to non-southern manufacturing after the War, precisely in the direction implied by the regional shifts in factor prices. Labor productivity in Southern manufacturing also declined, but this decline is explained by the reduction in capital intensity"--National Bureau of Economic Research web site.

united states↗

Shame and ostracism Union Army deserters leave home

"During the Civil War not all men served honorably and this was known by everyone in their communities. We study how shame and ostracism affect behavior by examining whether men who deserted from the Union Army, and who faced no legal sanctions once the war was over, returned home or whether they moved and re-invented themselves. We build a unique panel data set that provides us with a control group for deserters because we can identify men who deserted but then returned to fight with their companies. We find that, compared to non-deserters and returned deserters, deserters were more likely to move both out of state and further distances. This effect was stronger for deserters from pro-war communities. When deserters moved they were more likely to move to anti-war states than non-deserters. Our study provides a rare test of the empirical implications of emotion. While both shame and ostracism would push deserters out of their home community, we find no evidence that deserters faced economic sanctions"--National Bureau of Economic Research web site.

civil war↗

Surviving Andersonville the benefits of social networks in POW camps

"Twenty-seven percent of the Union Army prisoners captured July 1863 or later died in captivity. At Andersonville the death rate may have been as high as 40 percent. How did men survive such horrific conditions? Using two independent data sets we find that friends had a statistically significant positive effect on survival probabilities and that the closer the ties between friends as measured by such identifiers as ethnicity, kinship, and the same hometown the bigger the impact of friends on survival probabilities"--National Bureau of Economic Research web site.

prisoners and prisons↗

Skhematicheskai︠a︡ karta Ussuriĭskoĭ, Mandzhurskoĭ i Koreĭskoĭ zheleznykh dorog

This map shows the major railroads located in the Russian Far East, Manchuria (China), and Korea in the early 20th century: the Ussuri Railroad, the Manchurian Railroad, and the Korean Railroad. The establishment of railroads was a major vehicle of imperial expansion and control in the Far East in this era, particularly for Russia and Japan. The map utilizes a variety of lines and colors to explain various phases of railroad construction: a double-black line for the completion of two tracks, a single black line for completion of one track, a red line for an established but only partially constructed railroad, and a dashed black line for a proposed (but still unbuilt) railroad. Several well-known Russian, Chinese, and Korean cities are shown on the map. These include Blagoveshchensk, Khabarovsk, and Vladivostok in Russia; Harbin, Mukden (present-day Shenyang), and Port Arthur (Lüshun) in China (Manchuria); and P'yongyang and Seoul in Korea. Black triangles signify the presence of Japanese troops in parts of northeastern China and Korea, reflecting the extensive military occupation by Japan following its victory in the Russo-Japanese War in 1904-5. In the 19th century, as the Qing Dynasty of imperial China weakened, both Russia and Japan sought to take advantage of China's waning power by expanding into areas of northeastern China and neighboring Korea. Russia forced China to cede territories north and east of the Amur and Ussuri Rivers in the Treaty of Aigun of 1858 and in the Convention of Peking of 1860 and increased its influence in Manchuria from its base of operations in Harbin. Japan moved aggressively into China and Korea after victories in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-95 and in the Russo-Japanese War. As Japan became ascendant in the region after 1905, it targeted Russian railroad interests and reengineered local rail networks to serve its own interests. This map was compiled from notes of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society for use in a book on the Maritime Region of Russia (Primorskiy Kray, near Vladivostok). The map shows a scale at the bottom that utilizes the verst, a tsarist-era unit of distance equal to 1.07 kilometers. World Digital Library.

republic of korea↗

Skhematicheskai︠a︡ karta russkogo Dal'nego Vostoka

This map shows various administrative borders. Also noted on the map are gold-producing regions, Cossack settlements, railroads, permafrost borders, isotherms, annual precipitation, cities and villages, and railroad stations. Prilozhenie k knige P.D. Lezhnina "Dal'niĭ Vostok. Bogatstva Priamur'i︠a︡ i Zabaĭkal'i︠a︡". Original map at: Russian State Library Приложение к книге П.Д. Лежнина "Дальний Восток. Богатства Приамурья и Забайкалья".

russian federation↗

Obshchai︠a︡ karta raĭonov zh.d. Irkutsk-Bodaĭbo i Tulun"-Ust'-Kut-Bodaĭbo

The map shows various administrative borders. It also marks land that was long settled by peasants, native lands and lands of those resettled. Cities, villages and railroad stations are indicated along with planned and existing railroad lines. Setka geograficheskikh koordinat. Original map at: Russian State Library Сетка географических координат.

russian federation↗

Karmannyĭ Atlas. Sploshnoĭ parovoĭ put' cherez Azii︠u︡ k velikomu okeanu. Velikai︠a︡ Sibirskai︠a︡ zheleznai︠a︡ doroga. Amurskoe parokhodstvo. Ussuriĭskai︠a︡ zheleznai︠a︡ doroga

Presented here is a pocket atlas from 1900 of the steam transportation network of Siberia, including the Trans-Siberian Railroad, the Ussuri Railroad, and the Amur River steamship lines. The publication reflects Russian national pride in the recent establishment of transit links to the Pacific Ocean, even before all sections of the Trans-Siberian Railroad were complete. The atlas contains 27 maps and 14 photographs. The first map shows the global network of rail and steamship connections. It is followed by a general map of Asiatic Russia (Siberia) and a map of the Trans-Siberian Railroad as far as Irkutsk (the route to Vladivostok was unfinished as of 1900, especially the arduous mountain route along the southern tip of Lake Baikal). Other maps show the southern shores of Lake Baikal; the Trans-Baikal Railroad; the Amur steamship routes and the Ussuri Railroad; the Kwantung region (the southern part of Liaodong Peninsula in China, a territorial concession occupied by Russia in 1898); with Dalian and Port Arthur and their environs. Separate maps show some of the largest Siberian and Russian Far Eastern cities and their environs, including Tomsk, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Chita, Blagoveshchensk, and Vladivostok. Interspersed with the maps are photographs of Siberian scenes, depicting railroad stations, steamship wharves, and vistas of places shown on the accompanying maps. World Digital Library.

vladivostok↗