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With fire and sword,

The writer served as private, sergeant and adjutant in his regiment, the 5th Iowa, till captured at Chattanooga November 1863. Released by Gen. Sherman at Columbia February 1865, he served on that general's staff the rest of the campaign. Also available in digital form.

prisoners and prisons↗

Address by Daniel Ullmann, LL.D., before the Soldier's and Sailor's Union of the State of New York, on the organization of colored troops and the regeneration of the South : delivered at Albany, February 5, 1868.

Ullmann, a white officer, explains how at Lincoln's direction he organized and armed freed slaves in Louisiana during the Civil War, and he gives his assessment of African American troops based on this experience. In order to regenerate the South, Ullmann argues for removal of all southern state governments, for education and full citizenship for freed slaves, and for the breakup and distribution of large plantations to create a class of loyal yeomanry.

albany↗