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Library of Congress1871

Birds eye view of the city of Atlanta, the capitol of Georgia 1871

"This panoramic map shows Atlanta, Georgia, as it appeared in 1871. The town sprang up at the confluence of the Chattahoochee River and Peachtree Creek; it later became a railroad settlement, located at the intersection of the Western & Atlantic Railroad and the Georgia Railroad. The capital of Georgia was moved to Atlanta in 1868. The importance of the railroad to the area is evident in this map, which shows a view looking northeast over the city. The railroad depot (Union Depot) is visible near the center of the image, with several trains traversing the rail lines running through the city. Streets, homes, and industrial buildings sprawl out from the depot and into the surrounding hills. An index at the bottom of the map indicates points of interest, including the state house, city hall, the Governor's mansion, schools and colleges, houses of worship, U.S. barracks, the gas works, freight offices, and various industrial facilities (foundries, mills, an iron works, and a brewery). The panoramic map was a cartographic form popularly used to depict U.S. and Canadian cities and towns in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Also known as bird's-eye views or perspective maps, these maps are representations of cities portrayed as if viewed from above at an oblique angle. Not generally drawn to scale, they show street patterns, individual buildings, and major landscape features in perspective. This map is by Albert Ruger (1829-99), the first American to achieve success as a panoramic artist. Born in Prussia, Ruger immigrated to the United States and worked initially as a mason. While serving with the Ohio Volunteers during the Civil War, he drew views of Union campsites. After the war, Ruger settled in Battle Creek, Michigan, where he began his panoramic mapping career by sketching Michigan cities. In the late 1860s, Ruger formed a partnership with J.J. Stoner of Madison, Wisconsin, and together they published numerous city panoramas." World Digital Library.

georgia↗
Library of Congress1897

Elkins, Randolph County, W.Va. 1897

"This panoramic map shows Elkins, West Virginia, as it appeared in 1897. The city was developed as a railroad hub in the 1880s by two entrepreneurs and politicians: Henry Gassaway Davis (1823-1916) and Stephen Benton Elkins (1841-1911), with the city named after the latter. Both men served terms representing West Virginia in the U.S. Senate. The map shows the city of Elkins along the Tygart's Valley River, with two bridges crossing the river--one for rail (adjacent to Railroad Avenue) and one for pedestrians and other transport (Davis Avenue). A train is seen on the far side of town, traveling on the West Virginia Central Railroad. The railroad enabled the success of industry involving the extraction of natural resources such as coal and timber. The index at the bottom of the map indicates points of interest, including the railroad hub, major industrial facilities, shops, schools, churches (Presbyterian, Baptist, Catholic, Methodist, Baptist Colored, and United Brethren), and the opera house. The panoramic map was a cartographic form in popular use to depict U.S. and Canadian cities and towns in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Also known as bird's-eye views or perspective maps, these works are representations of cities portrayed as if viewed from above at an oblique angle. Not generally drawn to scale, they show street patterns, individual buildings, and major landscape features in perspective. This map is by Thaddeus Mortimer Fowler (1842-1922), one of the most prolific makers of panoramic maps. Fowler was born in Lowell, Massachusetts, and fought and was wounded in the American Civil War. After working for an uncle who was a photographer, in 1870 he established his own panoramic map firm. Over the course of a long career, Fowler made panoramic maps of cities in 21 states and parts of Canada." World Digital Library.

united states↗
Library of Congress1862

Emancipation Proclamation.

Initially, the Civil War between the North and the South was fought by the North to prevent the secession of the South and preserve the Union. Ending slavery was not a goal. That changed on September 22, 1862, when President Abraham Lincoln issued his Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, which stated that slaves in those states or parts of states still in rebellion as of January 1, 1863, would be free. One hundred days later Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation declaring "that all persons held as slaves" within the rebellious areas "are, and henceforward shall be, free." Lincoln's bold step was a military measure by which he hoped to inspire the slaves in the Confederacy to support the Union cause. Because it was a military measure, the proclamation was limited in many ways. It applied only to states that had seceded from the Union, and left slavery untouched in the border states. Although the Emancipation Proclamation did not end slavery, it did fundamentally transform the character of the war. Henceforth, every advance of Federal troops expanded the domain of freedom. Moreover, the proclamation announced the acceptance of black men into the Union Army and Navy. By the end of the war, almost 200,000 black soldiers and sailors had fought for the Union and their own freedom.

united states of america↗
Library of Congress2022

Understanding civilian harm in Raqqa and its implications for future conflicts

The battle for Raqqa, Syria, seemed like a perfect storm of strategic and operational challenges. When the city was finally liberated from the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) in October 2017, 60 to 80 percent of it was estimated to be uninhabitable. In fact, the battle for Raqqa is a cautionary tale about civilian harm in 21st-century conflicts. The purpose of this report is to discuss how the U.S. military-which is the best-trained and most technologically advanced military in the world, is supported in Operation Inherent Resolve by an international coalition of more than 80 countries, and was partnered in Raqqa with a well-respected militia force on the ground-could cause significant civilian harm despite a deeply ingrained commitment to the law of war. In this report, RAND researchers study the causes of civilian harm in Raqqa and provide insights into how the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) can reduce civilian harm in future operations.

united states↗
Library of Congress1915

Image 5 of The evening world (New York, N.Y.), April 5, 1915, (Final Edition)

THI 1VKWIKC WORLD MONDAY APRIL I ltll AN APPEAL TO THE AMERICAN PEOPLE Let us alleviate human suffering and preserve life not help to destroy it 2 AS a result of receiving hundred of thousand of letter cables and memici through various sources containing heartbroken appeals prayers and pleas from the people of our mother countries we the undersigned editors and publishers have concluded to place this appeal before the great American people on behalf of our readers The readers of our newspapers are vitally affected almost without exception by this disastrous conflict of the European Italians Their brothers their sisters parents children or relatives live In the warring countries This does not mean that the Ameri can people as a whole is not vitally affected but our readers are more closely linked through the bonds of blood relationship with the peoples of countries now plunged in the depths of barbaric warfare Each days mail with its news of the pitiful progress of the war brings some new and bitter anguish to the hearts of our people The pleas of the millions of widowed mothers the appeals of the fatherless children and orphans and the prayers of the starv ing

united states↗
Library of Congress1920

Skhematicheskai︠a︡ karta Ussuriĭskoĭ, Mandzhurskoĭ i Koreĭskoĭ zheleznykh dorog

This map shows the major railroads located in the Russian Far East, Manchuria (China), and Korea in the early 20th century: the Ussuri Railroad, the Manchurian Railroad, and the Korean Railroad. The establishment of railroads was a major vehicle of imperial expansion and control in the Far East in this era, particularly for Russia and Japan. The map utilizes a variety of lines and colors to explain various phases of railroad construction: a double-black line for the completion of two tracks, a single black line for completion of one track, a red line for an established but only partially constructed railroad, and a dashed black line for a proposed (but still unbuilt) railroad. Several well-known Russian, Chinese, and Korean cities are shown on the map. These include Blagoveshchensk, Khabarovsk, and Vladivostok in Russia; Harbin, Mukden (present-day Shenyang), and Port Arthur (Lüshun) in China (Manchuria); and P'yongyang and Seoul in Korea. Black triangles signify the presence of Japanese troops in parts of northeastern China and Korea, reflecting the extensive military occupation by Japan following its victory in the Russo-Japanese War in 1904-5. In the 19th century, as the Qing Dynasty of imperial China weakened, both Russia and Japan sought to take advantage of China's waning power by expanding into areas of northeastern China and neighboring Korea. Russia forced China to cede territories north and east of the Amur and Ussuri Rivers in the Treaty of Aigun of 1858 and in the Convention of Peking of 1860 and increased its influence in Manchuria from its base of operations in Harbin. Japan moved aggressively into China and Korea after victories in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-95 and in the Russo-Japanese War. As Japan became ascendant in the region after 1905, it targeted Russian railroad interests and reengineered local rail networks to serve its own interests. This map was compiled from notes of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society for use in a book on the Maritime Region of Russia (Primorskiy Kray, near Vladivostok). The map shows a scale at the bottom that utilizes the verst, a tsarist-era unit of distance equal to 1.07 kilometers. World Digital Library.

republic of korea↗