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Shame and ostracism Union Army deserters leave home

"During the Civil War not all men served honorably and this was known by everyone in their communities. We study how shame and ostracism affect behavior by examining whether men who deserted from the Union Army, and who faced no legal sanctions once the war was over, returned home or whether they moved and re-invented themselves. We build a unique panel data set that provides us with a control group for deserters because we can identify men who deserted but then returned to fight with their companies. We find that, compared to non-deserters and returned deserters, deserters were more likely to move both out of state and further distances. This effect was stronger for deserters from pro-war communities. When deserters moved they were more likely to move to anti-war states than non-deserters. Our study provides a rare test of the empirical implications of emotion. While both shame and ostracism would push deserters out of their home community, we find no evidence that deserters faced economic sanctions"--National Bureau of Economic Research web site.

civil war↗

Image 6 of The Republican journal (Belfast, Me.), May 31, 1917

u America and Great Britain Many people do not realize that hitherto all the active political relations between Great Britain and America have been hostile relations writes William Archer in the Westminster Gazette Twice the two Nations have been at war and there are not a few Americans who are fond of boasting that in both of these conflicts they whipped us Our normal level relations have no doubt been amicable enough but when ever the level has been broken it has been by incidents which left a certain legacy of illfeeling The general attitude of Britain during the great Civil War was anything but j sympathetic Once we were on the verge of a rupture over the case of Mason and Slidell The affair of the Alabama was exceedingly disagreeable the Venezuelan squabble led us not perhaps to the brink of hostilities but some way in that direc tion The incident of Manila Bay is perhaps the only international episode of any note that has definitely tended to draw the two Nations together Of course this does not mean that there has not been real friendship between them There has never been a moment when thousands of Englishmen and

united states↗

Profile, Royal Land Co. R.R.

Shows mineral deposits from Matthias' Point to Briery Branch Gap, Virginia. Pen-and-ink, pencil (some col.), and crayon on 2 sheets pasted together, mounted on cloth. "Scale 50 horizontal to 2 vertical." In pencil in upper right corner: No. 2. In pencil on verso: 330 crossed out. LC Civil War maps (2nd ed.), H268 Available also through the Library of Congress web site as raster image.

united states↗