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Library of Congress2015

The Army and Reconstruction, 1865-1877

Within two months of Confederate General Robert E. Lee's surrender at Appomattox Court House on 9 April 1865, the Confederacy had collapsed, and its armed forces had ceased to exist. In the spring of 1865, the U.S. Army faced the unprecedented task of occupying eleven conquered Southern states and administering "Reconstruction" -- the process by which the former rebellious states would be restored to the Union. But a rapid demobilization of the Army placed the remaining occupation troops at a disadvantage almost from the start. Mark Bradley traces the Army's law enforcement, stability, and peacekeeping roles in the South from May 1865 to the end of Reconstruction in 1877, marking a unique period in American history. During that time, the Southern states remained under military occupation, and for several years, they were also ruled by military government. Veteran Army commanders such as Philip H. Sheridan, John M. Schofield, Daniel E. Sickles, Edward R. S. Canby, and Winfield S. Hancock may have found the work of Reconstruction less dangerous than fighting the Civil War had been, but they also found it no less challenging.

united states↗
Library of Congress1861

Letter Written in Cipher on Mourning Paper by Rose Greenhow.

Rose O'Neal Greenhow was a spy for the Confederacy during the American Civil War. As a young woman in Washington, she befriended many influential politicians, including President James Buchanan and South Carolina Senator John C. Calhoun, who played a role in shaping her dedication to the South. During the Civil War, Greenhow wrote ciphered (secret code) messages to the Confederates, providing information about Union military plans. Confederate President Jefferson Davis credited her with helping the South win the First Battle of Bull Run. Greenhow sent a message about Union troop movements in time for Brigadier Generals Pierre Beauregard and Joseph E. Johnston to meet at Manassas, Virginia. A young woman working with Greenhow named Betty Duvall carried the message wrapped in a tiny black silk purse and hidden in a hair bun. Head of U.S. Intelligence Service Allan Pinkerton observed Rose Greenhow as part of his counterintelligence activities and found sufficient evidence to place her under house arrest. She later was transferred to prison and then deported to Richmond, Virginia. Shown here is one of her encoded letters.

espionage↗
Library of Congress1890

Bright skies and dark shadows,

A narrative of travel in the South, with chapters on the race question, the civil war and other topics. "The battle of Franklin": p. [209]-256. Also available in digital form.

united states↗
Library of Congress1863

Report of the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War. In three parts. Part III

Francis Preston Blair, Jr., U.S. Representative, Missouri. General Ambrose E. Burnside, U.S. Army. General Benjamin F. Butler, U.S. Army. General Irvin McDonald, U.S. Army. General James B. Ricketts, U.S. Army. General John C. Fremont, U.S. Army. General Lewis Wallace, U.S. Army. General T.W. Sherman, U.S. Army. Index to Part III follows p. 656. List of documents relating to trade in military districts, p. 559. Notable witnesses include: Testimony on miscellaneous subjects relating to the war, p. 280. William A. Hammond, U.S. Surgeon General. William Sprague, Governor of Rhode Island.

south carolina↗
Library of Congress1868

Address by Daniel Ullmann, LL.D., before the Soldier's and Sailor's Union of the State of New York, on the organization of colored troops and the regeneration of the South : delivered at Albany, February 5, 1868.

Ullmann, a white officer, explains how at Lincoln's direction he organized and armed freed slaves in Louisiana during the Civil War, and he gives his assessment of African American troops based on this experience. In order to regenerate the South, Ullmann argues for removal of all southern state governments, for education and full citizenship for freed slaves, and for the breakup and distribution of large plantations to create a class of loyal yeomanry.

albany↗
Library of Congress1862

Emancipation Proclamation.

Initially, the Civil War between the North and the South was fought by the North to prevent the secession of the South and preserve the Union. Ending slavery was not a goal. That changed on September 22, 1862, when President Abraham Lincoln issued his Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, which stated that slaves in those states or parts of states still in rebellion as of January 1, 1863, would be free. One hundred days later Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation declaring "that all persons held as slaves" within the rebellious areas "are, and henceforward shall be, free." Lincoln's bold step was a military measure by which he hoped to inspire the slaves in the Confederacy to support the Union cause. Because it was a military measure, the proclamation was limited in many ways. It applied only to states that had seceded from the Union, and left slavery untouched in the border states. Although the Emancipation Proclamation did not end slavery, it did fundamentally transform the character of the war. Henceforth, every advance of Federal troops expanded the domain of freedom. Moreover, the proclamation announced the acceptance of black men into the Union Army and Navy. By the end of the war, almost 200,000 black soldiers and sailors had fought for the Union and their own freedom.

united states of america↗